Artificial Intelligence

The following uses of generative AI may carry a higher risk of potential harm due to the prompts or materials shared with the AI becoming part of the training set, giving other users of the AI access to the materials, or possible accidental disclosure to the owner or other users of the AI technology.  Therefore, it is NOT recommended to use generative AI technology with the following inputs or prompts:

• Proprietary information– this could be a violation of non-disclosure agreements.
• Inventive information or intellectual property that you may be able to protect through copyright or a patent application.
• Complete manuscripts you plan to submit for publication when being the first to report critical findings is important.
• Confidential or personal identifying information
  • When serving as a reviewer for a research proposal for a funding agency or for manuscript review for a publisher do not submit any portion of the research proposal, manuscript, or any personal information to an AI platform.

Low risk inputs to or uses of AI:

• Publicly known data.
• Generated output for public consumption (e.g., marketing material))

[Source:  Miller, D. (2024 January 19). RSP NEWS: Use of generative AI in research, scholarship & creative activities.]

NSF and NIH expressly prohibit use of AI for proposal reviews*:

• NSF proposers are encouraged to indicate in the project description the extent to which, if any, generative AI technology was used and how it was used to develop their proposal.
• NSF reviewers are prohibited from uploading any content from proposals, review information and related records to non-approved generative AI tools.
• "NIH prohibits NIH scientific peer reviewers from using natural language processors, large language models, or other generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies for analyzing and formulating peer review critiques for grant applications and R&D contract proposals."

*NIH - Notice NOT-OD-22-044 ; Dec 14, 2023 Notice to research community: Use of generative artificial intelligence technology in the NSF merit review process | NSF - National Science Foundation

• AI tools to streamline the publication process
• Expedition of the review process
• Smaller editorial teams
• Improve inclusivity and accessibility (e.g., equity in publication through translation of works, reduction in costs)

• Bias of AI tools
• Transparency (What is the source of the data?)
• Research integrity and ethics
• Violation of confidentiality
• Loss of the authentic voice of the writer
• Integrity of the information (reproducibility, citation)
• Peer review anonymity
• Issues with AI detection tools

To find articles on artificial intelligence, search in an appropriate database from the list of subject databases available through the UToledo Libraries: http://utmost.cl.utoledo.edu/search/y. Some examples:

• Search in Academic Search Complete or Web of Science for general seaching
• Search in Computer Source, Computers & Applied Sciences Complete, or Science Reference Center for science- or technology-oriented topics 
• Search in Art Full Text (H.W. Wilson) or Art & Architecture Complete for topics on the arts and AI
• Search in CINAHL, Embase, Medline, or PubMed for medically-related topics

Use Boolean search techniques for better results. For example:

• artificial intelligence AND sentiment analysis will return articles that include both concepts
• artificial intelligence AND (healthcare workers OR nurses OR medical workers OR healthcare professionals) will return articles that include artificial intelligence and at least one of the terms in the parentheses
• artificial intelligence NOT ChatGPT will exclude articles on ChatGPT from the results

Some databases include a list of subject terms (sometimes referred to as a Thesaurus). Searching for a subject term will give results for related (or "mapped") terms such as those compiled below: 

Related terms:

• ambient intelligence
• artificial general intelligence
• artificial intelligence
• artificial thinking
• automated reasoning
• cognitive technology
• computational intelligence
• computer heuristics
• computer reasoning
• computer vision system*
• deep learning
• knowledge acquisition and computer*
• knowledge representation* and computer*
• machine intelligence
• machine learning
• multicriteria decision analysis

Subjects terms have specific designations in certain databases:

• EBSCO Medline and CINAHL: (MH "Artificial Intelligence")
• Embase: 'artificial intelligence'/exp
• PubMed: "artificial intelligence"[MeSH Terms]
• SocINDEX: DE "ARTIFICIAL intelligence"

Consider supplementing your database searching with a search engine like these suggested:

• Google Scholar
• CORE (for open-access research papers)
• Science.gov
• Semantic Scholar (uses AI-powered algorithms to find hidden connections and links between research topics)

To find materials like government reports, white papers, and other materials not locked behind a paywall, try searching in Google using the filter site:.gov or site:.org:

Example: machine learning + education site:.gov

***Contact a librarian if you would like assistance with your searching***

https://www.utoledo.edu/library/info/dir/NewDirectory.html

https://libguides.utoledo.edu/askalibrarian

Raymon H. Mulford Health Science Library Phone/E-mail:
419.383.4225
MulfordReference@utoledo.edu