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Here are some useful Internet Resources for you to use for either APA in-text citation or MLA parenthetical citation help.
The purpose of the parenthetical citation is to lead the reader to an exact item in the bibliography, so the first entry in the bibliography (usually author’s last name, sometimes title if no author is listed) is what is included in the parenthetical citation. Additionally, the exact point (page number) is listed.
Plagiarism is using the words, thoughts, or ideas of someone else without giving credit. Plagiarism can take many forms, and it can be intentional or accidental.
"Along with using someone’s direct words without quotation marks and attribution, plagiarism includes using someone’s thoughts or ideas and representing them as one’s own. For example, if you were to change the wording of a passage, but not credit the source, you are plagiarizing as much as if you used the original words. This presents something of a conundrum: students are required to use the research and writing of others, but such use is limited. In most research assignments, students are encouraged – or even required – to use the research of others, but proper credit must be given.
To ensure that you will give credit appropriately, begin by keeping your research materials organized. There are many note-taking systems available to assist you, but it is essential that you keep track of which ideas came from which sources. After finding good information from a reputable source, you must then integrate that information into your paper. There are several methods of doing this: quotation, paraphrase, and summary." (Talman)
If the information derived from more than one page in the work, page numbers in APA citations are written out in their entirety.
Examples: 3-4; 5-15; 23-29; 431-439; 497-503, 1129-1143.
There are 14 basic formats:
1. Author named within the paper
If you list the name of the author, the parenthetical citation need only contain the page number, because the year of publication follows the author’s name.
Example: Thomas Friedman (1999) wrote, "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (p. 195).
2. Author NOT named within the paper
If the author is not named, include his/her last name in the parenthetical citation with the year of publication and page number.
Example: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (Friedman, 1999, p. 195).
3. No author listed or unknown author
If the article has no author listed, refer to the first portion of the title as in this example for an article called "A Critique of 'Lexus and Olive' View of Globalization.” What’s not there cannot be created.
Example: "Friedman, in his book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, has mentioned that globalization is inevitable and irreversible, the forward march of technology makes it so. Governments can no longer control the free flow of information. The cell phone and satellite television have reached even the remotest Indonesian village" ("A Critique," 2001, p. A4).
4. Work has two authors
If a work has two authors, link their names with an ampersand ( & ) or use the names in a signal phrase.
Examples: "The network form is on the rise in a big way, and because of this, societies are entering a new epoch" (Arquilla & Ronfelt, 1996, p. 43).
Arquilla and Ronfelt (1996) report that “the network form is on the rise in a big way, and because of this, societies are entering a new epoch” (p. 43).
5. Work has three to five authors
If a work has three to five authors, format their names, publication date, and the page reference as follows or use the names in a signal phrase followed by the publication date. Identify all the authors in the first in-text reference. Thereafter use only the first author’s last name and the phrase et al.
Examples:
First citation: "Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (Czinkota, Ronkainen, & Tarrant, 1995, p. 3).
First citation with signal phrase: According to Czinkota, Ronkainen, and Tarrant (1995), "Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (p. 3).
Subsequent citation: "Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (Czinkota et al. 1995, p. 3).
Subsequent citation with signal phrase: According to Czinkota et al. (1995)"Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (p. 3).
6. Work has six or more authors
Use only the first author and “et al.” (an abbreviation for et alii, which in Latin means “and others”). Notice there is no punctuation between the author and et al.
Examples: "Individual preventative stress management provides an effective complement for dealing with organizational stress" (Quick et al., 1997, p. 159).
Quick et al. (1997) contend that "individual preventative stress management provides an effective complement for dealing with organizational stress" (p. 159).
7. Author has more than one work from the same year in References
Differentiate between works by the same author published in the same year with the lowercase letters a, b, c, etc., corresponding to the order of the items in the References list.
Example: In his groundbreaking book, Friedman (1995b) challenged all our assumptions about not only the past, but the future as well.
8. References list has more than one author with the same last name
If your bibliography includes two authors with the same last name, Milton Friedman and Thomas Friedman, for example, include the author's first initial in the parenthetical citation or the signal phrase.
Examples: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (T. Friedman, 1997, p. 195).
T. Friedman (1997) asserts that “no two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (p. 195).
9. Work has no page numbers (web site, etc.)
If no page numbers are available for a document, APA requires the
use of section headings or numbered paragraphs if available. If page numbers, section headings, or numbered paragraphs are not available, omit that portion of the citation. What’s not there cannot be created. Remember to look for a PDF of the article which will contain page numbers. Also, when paraphrasing unpaginated material, if you include the author’s name in the signal phrase there will be no ending citation which can be confusing for your reader. Be sure to clarify where the material ends. In these examples, Brand is the author of the web site.
Examples: "Friedman realized early that to write intelligently about world economics he needed to make himself an expert in six tightly integrated domains that are usually reported separately: financial markets, politics, culture, national security, technology, and the environment" (Brand, 2002, Introduction section).
"Friedman realized early that to write intelligently about world economics he needed to make himself an expert in six tightly integrated domains that are usually reported separately: financial markets, politics, culture, national security, technology, and the environment" (Brand, 2002, para. 7).
10. Information is in two or more works
List both works in the parenthetical citation exactly as they would be listed individually, but separate them with a semicolon. List the sources in the same order they will appear in the Works Cited list (alphabetical by first entry).
Example: Pundits agree that globalization will impact the future of all businesses as national borders are breached, trade barriers are broken down, and both eventually disappear (Friedman, 1997, p. 42; Ronkainen, Czinkota, & Tarrant, 1995, p. 1).
11. Indirect source (a source quoted in another source)
If you use an indirect quotation (information found in a source that was quoting another source, also known as a secondary source) use the following method of in-text citation with the phrase "as cited in" to denote the fact that you are using a secondary source. This statement, from Glenn Prickett, is quoted on page 30 of Friedman’s book. Only Friedman is listed in the References list, not Prickett.
Example: An environmental group's president, Glenn Prickett, made the following observation about arriving by plane in a remote Amazon village: "Touching down on the grass landing strip we were met by the entire village in traditional dress -- and undress -- and painted faces, with a smattering of American baseball caps bearing random logos" (as cited in Friedman, 1997, p. 30).
12. Source of information is a personal communication (interview, email, etc.)
Interviews, email, telephone calls, etc., are not included in a References list, and all relevant information (name of individual, personal communication, and the date) is contained within the in-text citation.
Example: “Thomas Friedman’s new book, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, describes the convergence of technology and events by listing ten items that have reshaped the world” (D. Biniaz, personal communication, November 15, 2005).
13. Unknown date
The emphasis on publication dates in APA citations is not accidental. Disciplines that use this style tend to put great emphasis on the currency of research. It is recommended that student researchers not use sources that do not have dates of publication. However, if you are forced to do so, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date). Often these sources are web sites and do not have page numbers either.
Example: “That no alternative is apparent to Friedman and his ‘intellectual sources’ should not be taken to mean that there are none worthy of discussion” (Rupert, n.d.).
Rupert (n.d.) wrote “that no alternative is apparent to Friedman and his ‘intellectual sources’ should not be taken to mean that there are none worthy of discussion.”
14. Organizational author
If the author of the work is an organization, government agency, or corporation, list the name of the author in either the signal tag or the parenthetical ciation. Since the name of the author cannot be shortened like a title can be, if the name is lengthy (United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, for example), place the name in the signal phrase instead of the parenthetical citation.
Examples: According to United States Army (2003), "globalization, the Lexus, is the central organizing principle of the post–Cold War world, even though many individuals and nations resist by holding on to what has traditionally mattered to them—the olive tree" (p. 4).
"Globalization, the Lexus, is the central organizing principle of the post–Cold War world, even though many individuals and nations resist by holding on to what has traditionally mattered to them—the olive tree" (United States Army, 2003, p. 4).
If the information derived from more than one page in the work, format page numbers just as you do in an MLA Works Cited.
Examples: 3-4; 5-15; 23-29; 431-39; 497-503.
There are 13 basic formats:
1. Author named within the signal phrase
If you list the name of the author, the parenthetical citation need only contain the page number.
Example: Thomas Friedman wrote, "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (195).
2. Author NOT named within the paper
If the author is not named, include his/her last name in the parenthetical citation.
Example: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (Friedman 195).
3. No author listed or unknown author
If the article has no author listed, refer to the first portion of the title as in this example for an article called "A Critique of 'Lexus and Olive' View of Globalization.” What’s not there cannot be created.
Example: "Friedman, in his book The Lexus and the Olive Tree, has mentioned that globalization is inevitable and irreversible, the forward march of technology makes it so. Governments can no longer control the free flow of information. The cell phone and satellite television have reached even the remotest Indonesian village" ("A Critique" A4).
4. Work has two authors
If a work has two authors, link their names with the word and (written out, do not use an ampersand) or use the names in a signal phrase.
Examples: "The network form is on the rise in a big way, and because of this, societies are entering a new epoch" (Arquilla and Ronfelt 43).
Arquilla and Ronfelt report that “the network form is on the rise in a big way, and because of this, societies are entering a new epoch” (43).
5. Work has three authors
If a work has three authors, format their names and the page reference as follows or use the names in a signal phrase.
Examples: "Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (Czinkota, Ronkainen, and Tarrant 3).
According to Czinkota, Ronkainen, and Tarrant, "Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether" (3).
6. Work has more than three authors
Use only the first author and “et al.” (an abbreviation for et alii, which in Latin means “and others”). This will match the citation in the Works Cited.
Examples: "Individual preventative stress management provides an effective complement for dealing with organizational stress" (Quick et al. 159).
Quick et al., contend that "individual preventative stress management provides an effective complement for dealing with organizational stress" (159).
7. Author has more than one work in Works Cited
If more than one work by the same author is listed in the paper's bibliography, include a reference to the specific work either within the paper or in the parenthetical citation. If the title is not included in the paper, use a brief reference (shortened title) in the parenthetical citation.
Examples: In The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Thomas L. Friedman noted, "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (195).
"No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (Friedman, Lexus 195).
8. Works Cited has more than one author with the same last name
If your bibliography includes two authors with the same last name, Milton Friedman and Thomas Friedman, for example, include the author's first initial in the parenthetical citation or the author's full name in the signal phrase.
Examples: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (T. Friedman 195).
Thomas Friedman asserts that “no two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" (195).
9. Work has no page numbers (web site, etc.)
Do not use the page numbers of a print out of a web page or an article from a database. If there are no page numbers, you cannot invent any. What’s not there cannot be created. Sometimes you are able to determine the pages in an article from a database from the citation or a PDF. Some articles or web sites may be unpaginated. In those cases, list the author's last name (or if not given, use a brief reference to the title). Remember when paraphrasing unpaginated material that if you include the author’s name in the signal phrase there will be no ending citation which can be confusing for your reader. Be sure to clarify where the material ends. In this case, "Brand" is the author of the web site.
Example: "Friedman realized early that to write intelligently about world economics he needed to make himself an expert in six tightly integrated domains that are usually reported separately: financial markets, politics, culture, national security, technology, and the environment" (Brand).
10. Information is in two or more works
List both works in the parenthetical citation exactly as they would be listed individually, but separate them with a semicolon. List the sources in the same order they will appear in the Works Cited list (alphabetical by first entry).
Example: Pundits agree that globalization will impact the future of all businesses as national borders are breached, trade barriers are broken down, and both eventually disappear (Friedman 42; Ronkainen, Czinkota, and Tarrant 1).
11. Indirect source (a source quoted in another source)
If you use an indirect quotation (information found in a source that was quoting another source, also known as a secondary source) use the following method of in-text citation. This statement, from Glenn Prickett, is quoted on page 30 of Friedman’s book, The Lexus and the Olive Tree. "Qtd. in" stands for “quoted in.” Only Friedman is listed in the Works Cited, not Prickett.
Example: An environmental group's president, Glenn Prickett, made the following observation about arriving by plane in a remote Amazon village: "Touching down on the grass landing strip we were met by the entire village in traditional dress -- and undress -- and painted faces, with a smattering of American baseball caps bearing random logos" (qtd. in Friedman 30).
12. Encyclopedia or dictionary
If the encyclopedia entry has an author, use it. If it doesn’t, use the title of the entry. In either case, do not use the page number since these sources are arranged alphabetically.
Example: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, globalization is a new word, first used in 1959 (“Global”).
13. Organizational author
If the author of the work is an organization, government agency, or corporation, list the name of the author in either the signal tag or the parenthetical ciation. Since the name of the author cannot be shortened like a title can be, if the name is lengthy (United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, for example), place the name in the signal phrase instead of the parenthetical citation.
Examples: According to United States Army, "globalization, the Lexus, is the central organizing principle of the post–Cold War world, even though many individuals and nations resist by holding on to what has traditionally mattered to them—the olive tree" (4).
"Globalization, the Lexus, is the central organizing principle of the post–Cold War world, even though many individuals and nations resist by holding on to what has traditionally mattered to them—the olive tree" (United States Army 4).
